PML-F HISTORY – pml-functional.com

History Of PMLF

Introduction

The title “Pir Pagara” holds deep spiritual and political significance in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Pir Pagara is the head of the Hur Jamaat, a Sufi Muslim community, which is not only one of the largest religious sects in the region but also one of the most politically influential. The Pir Pagara dynasty has a storied history that dates back to the 19th century, with the role of the Pir being a blend of spiritual leadership and political power. Historically, the Hur Jamaat has been a symbol of resistance against oppression, most notably against the British colonial government. Over time, the leadership has played a dual role in guiding the spiritual lives of their followers while also navigating the political landscape of first British India and later, Pakistan.

The Hur Jamaat, meaning “free men,” initially focused on spiritual teachings but evolved into a formidable anti-colonial force under the leadership of the Pir Pagara during British rule. The Hurs became known for their disciplined militancy, which distinguished them from other Sufi orders that primarily focused on spiritual matters. The Pir Pagara’s control over this group gave the leadership immense power, both in religious matters and in military campaigns.

Pir Pagaras have held significant influence, particularly during key historical periods like the British colonial era, the independence movement, and Pakistan’s early political history. Their reach expanded beyond spiritual matters, often playing a crucial role in the socio-political fabric of Sindh. The Hur movement, led by the Pir Pagara, is one of the most notable examples of this blend of spiritual leadership with political activism.

The Origins of the Pir Pagara Lineage

The roots of the Pir Pagara dynasty trace back to Syed Sibghatullah Shah I, who was the first to take on the title of Pir Pagara in the 19th century. Syed Sibghatullah Shah I established himself as a spiritual leader among the Hur community in Sindh. The Hurs, under his guidance, followed Sufi principles and practiced a lifestyle of simplicity, devotion, and resistance to outside control. During the early years of British colonial expansion into Sindh, the Pir Pagara’s influence began to extend beyond the purely spiritual realm. The region of Sindh was strategically important for the British Empire, and they sought to bring the entire province under their control.

The Hurs, under the Pir Pagara’s leadership, began to organize resistance against the growing influence of the British administration. This resistance was grounded in both religious and political motivations, as the Hurs saw colonialism as not only a political threat but also a threat to their way of life and religious practices. The British, recognizing the power that the Pir Pagara wielded, sought to suppress the Hur movement early on. However, the spiritual and temporal authority of the Pir made it difficult for the colonial powers to entirely subdue the Hurs, setting the stage for future conflict.

Pir Sibghatullah Shah II (Surya Badshah) and the Hur Rebellion

Perhaps the most famous of the Pir Pagaras, Pir Sibghatullah Shah II, also known as Surya Badshah, is celebrated for his leadership during one of the most significant armed uprisings against British rule in Sindh. Born into the spiritual lineage of Pir Pagaras, Surya Badshah took on leadership at a time when tensions between the British authorities and the local Sindhi population were escalating.

Under his leadership, the Hur movement transformed from a religious community into a full-fledged militant resistance. The Hur Rebellion, which spanned the late 1930s and early 1940s, became one of the most formidable anti-colonial struggles in Sindh. The rebellion was triggered by a combination of factors, including British economic policies that disadvantaged local farmers, forced land acquisitions, and the oppressive rule of the British authorities.

Surya Badshah declared that his followers were no longer subject to British law and instructed them to resist any British attempts to control the region. This declaration set off a series of armed confrontations between the Hurs and the British colonial forces. The Hurs, trained in guerrilla warfare and deeply loyal to their spiritual leader, were able to hold off British forces for several years.

The British response to the Hur Rebellion was brutal. Thousands of Hurs were arrested, villages were burned, and martial law was imposed in large parts of Sindh. Despite this, Surya Badshah and his followers continued their resistance. The British eventually captured Surya Badshah in 1942, and after a brief trial, he was executed in 1943. His execution, however, did not mark the end of the Hur movement. In fact, his death cemented his status as a martyr, and the Hur resistance continued even after his death.

Post-Independence Politics and Pir Sibghatullah Shah III (Pir Pagara VI)

Following the death of Pir Sibghatullah Shah II (Surya Badshah) during the Hur Rebellion, the leadership of the Hur Jamaat passed on to his son, Pir Sibghatullah Shah III (Pir Pagara VI). At the time, Pakistan had gained independence from British India, and Sindh, now a part of Pakistan, was undergoing major political and social changes. After spending a significant portion of his youth in exile and under British custody, Pir Pagara VI returned to Pakistan in the early 1950s and soon assumed the mantle of leadership over both the Hur Jamaat and the political activities of his family.

Pir Pagara VI’s return from exile marked a new chapter for the Hur community and its role in Pakistan. His influence in Sindh was not merely spiritual; his leadership had profound political implications. Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, welcomed Pir Pagara back to Pakistan and sought his support for the newly formed state. Liaquat Ali Khan, a key figure in the Pakistan Muslim League (PML), recognized the importance of regional leaders like Pir Pagara in consolidating national unity.

Under the leadership of Pir Pagara VI, the Hur Jamaat’s loyalty became a valuable asset for the government. The Hurs, who had been a militarized and disciplined community since the time of Surya Badshah, were crucial during Pakistan’s early conflicts with India. During the 1965 war between Pakistan and India, Pir Pagara mobilized Hur volunteers to defend Pakistan’s borders, particularly in the Thar Desert region. The Hurs, who were familiar with the challenging desert terrain, proved to be an effective force in border security, supporting the Pakistani military. Pir Pagara VI’s involvement in the 1971 war, which led to the secession of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh, also highlighted the enduring importance of the Hur community.

While Pakistan faced political and military crises during this period, the Pir Pagara dynasty continued to offer support to the military establishment, strengthening its ties with the country’s ruling elite. In addition to his military contributions, Pir Pagara VI became a central figure in Pakistan’s political landscape. He was appointed the leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (Functional) (PML-F), a faction of the PML that had broken away from the mainstream party. Under his leadership, the PML-F emerged as a significant political force, particularly in Sindh, where the Hur Jamaat’s influence ensured a loyal voter base. Pir Pagara VI played a key role in shaping the politics of Sindh during the 1960s and 1970s, often working alongside the military regime of General Ayub Khan.

Throughout his life, Pir Pagara VI maintained a strong sense of patriotism and nationalistic pride. He was a vocal advocate for the construction of large infrastructure projects, such as the Kalabagh Dam, which he believed would ensure Pakistan’s long-term prosperity by addressing water and energy shortages. His support for these initiatives often placed him at odds with other political factions in Sindh, particularly the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), which opposed the dam’s construction. In summary, the post-independence era saw Pir Pagara VI navigate the complex political landscape of Pakistan. His leadership of the Hur Jamaat, his alignment with the military, and his political activities within the PML-F made him one of the most powerful figures in Sindh. The Hur community, under his guidance, continued to play a crucial role in Pakistan’s national security and regional politics.

Pir Pagara VII (Shah Mardan Shah II) and Zia-ul-Haq’s Era

Pir Pagara VII, also known as Shah Mardan Shah II, succeeded his father, Pir Sibghatullah Shah III, in 1954. His tenure as the head of the Hur Jamaat and the political leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (Functional) spanned several decades, during which he became one of the most prominent figures in Pakistani politics. While his spiritual leadership remained central to the Hur community, his political influence reached new heights during the military regime of General Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s.

Pir Pagara VII’s relationship with national politics was shaped by his rivalry with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the founder of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and a native of Sindh. Pir Pagara VII viewed Bhutto as a political competitor and held deep personal animosity toward him. Despite this rivalry, Bhutto’s rise to power in the 1970s was transformative for Sindh, and Pir Pagara VII often found himself in opposition to the PPP’s policies. However, the turning point in Pir Pagara VII’s political career came with the military coup of 1977, which ousted Bhutto and brought General Zia-ul-Haq to power. Pir Pagara VII saw Zia’s military regime as an opportunity to assert his influence over national politics.

Zia, recognizing Pir Pagara’s considerable support base in Sindh, sought his collaboration. This partnership was further solidified when Pir Pagara’s ally, Mohammad Khan Junejo, was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan under Zia’s regime. This period marked the peak of Pir Pagara VII’s political power, as he had a direct hand in shaping the country’s governance. Pir Pagara VII’s ability to maintain political relevance during Zia’s rule was a testament to his adaptability and influence. While his predictions about national politics were not always accurate, they were widely followed, adding to his aura as a political sage. He used his influence to advocate for various policies, including greater autonomy for Sindh and increased military presence in the province to counter any threats from India.

His relationship with the military establishment also allowed him to build stronger ties with the central government, ensuring that his political faction remained relevant even during periods of civilian rule. One of the hallmarks of Pir Pagara VII’s leadership was his ability to blend spiritual authority with political strategy. As the leader of the Hur Jamaat, he continued to command the loyalty of millions of followers in Sindh, which gave him significant leverage in electoral politics. His political faction, the PML-F, often played a kingmaker role in coalition governments, particularly in Sindh, where no single party could command an outright majority without the support of regional leaders like Pir Pagara.

Despite his political success, Pir Pagara VII also had a contentious relationship with Zia’s government toward the end of Zia’s rule. His ally, Prime Minister Junejo, fell out of favor with Zia, leading to tensions between the Pir Pagara faction and the military establishment. These tensions culminated in the dismissal of Junejo’s government in 1988, marking the end of Pir Pagara VII’s close association with the military regime. However, even after Zia’s death in a plane crash in 1988, Pir Pagara VII continued to exert influence over national politics. His political predictions and alliances remained a topic of discussion in the media, and his support was sought by various political leaders, including those from the PPP and the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz).

Pir Pagara VIII and the Modern Era

Following the death of Pir Pagara VII in January 2012, his son Syed Sibghatullah Shah Rashdi III ascended to the position of Pir Pagara VIII. This transition marked the continuation of the Pir Pagara lineage, which continues to wield significant influence in the spiritual and political spheres of Sindh. As the eighth leader in the line of Pir Pagaras, Sibghatullah Shah III inherited not only the title but also the responsibilities of leading the Hur Jamaat and overseeing the Pakistan Muslim League (Functional) (PML-F), the political party traditionally associated with the family. Pir Pagara VIII assumed leadership at a time when Pakistan’s political landscape was highly fragmented, with the rise of new political movements and the increasing polarization between major parties such as the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) and the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP).

Despite these changes, the Pir Pagara family maintained its traditional base of support in Sindh, where the Hur Jamaat’s loyalty remained a cornerstone of their power. Under his leadership, Pir Pagara VIII sought to modernize the Hur community while preserving its core values. This modernization included encouraging the community to participate in Pakistan’s economic and social development, with a particular focus on education and infrastructure development in rural Sindh. While his father had been known for his political maneuvering and strategic alliances, Pir Pagara VIII took a more subdued approach, focusing on ensuring the well-being of his followers and strengthening the Hur Jamaat’s influence through social and educational initiatives.

Political Influence in Sindh

Although Pir Pagara VIII has not been as politically prominent as his father, the PML-F continues to play a key role in Sindh’s politics, particularly in the rural areas. The party’s electoral success has been largely limited to Sindh, where the Pir Pagara family’s spiritual influence over the Hur Jamaat translates into political support. This influence allows the PML-F to act as a kingmaker in coalition governments, particularly when no single party can claim a majority. Pir Pagara VIII’s political strategy has largely been characterized by building alliances with other political forces, particularly in Sindh. The PML-F has frequently aligned with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), depending on the political climate.

These alliances have allowed the PML-F to maintain its relevance in Sindh’s political landscape, even as national politics have shifted dramatically since the early 2000. In addition to his role in provincial politics, Pir Pagara VIII has been a consistent advocate for the development of Sindh, particularly in areas such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. His leadership has seen an increased focus on the construction of schools and hospitals in rural areas, benefiting not only the Hur Jamaat but also the wider Sindhi population. This approach aligns with the historical role of the Pir Pagara family as both spiritual leaders and providers of social services to their followers.

The Hur Jamaat’s Role in the Modern Era

The Hur Jamaat remains a crucial aspect of Pir Pagara VIII’s influence in Sindh. The Hurs, a highly disciplined and loyal group, have traditionally provided both spiritual and military support to the Pir Pagara family. While the days of armed rebellion against the British have long passed, the Hurs still play a vital role in maintaining the Pir Pagara’s authority. This authority is reinforced by the deep respect the Hurs have for their Pir, whom they regard as both a spiritual guide and a temporal leader. Pir Pagara VIII has sought to continue his father’s legacy of maintaining the Hur Jamaat’s strong ties to the state and military. During times of political and military crises, the Hur community has provided essential support, whether in terms of manpower or logistical assistance.

In recent years, the Hurs have continued to be an important force in maintaining peace and stability in rural Sindh, where their presence is often seen as a deterrent to criminal activity and political unrest. Despite the modernization efforts led by Pir Pagara VIII, the Hur Jamaat remains deeply rooted in tradition. The Pir’s word is considered final, and the community adheres strictly to the principles set forth by its leaders. This loyalty ensures that the Pir Pagara’s influence remains unchallenged in many parts of Sindh, where the Hur Jamaat commands immense respect and power.

Political Alliances and Future Prospects

Under Pir Pagara VIII’s leadership, the PML-F has continued to participate in both national and provincial elections, though its influence remains concentrated in Sindh. The party’s alliances with larger national parties, such as the PTI, have allowed it to maintain a degree of relevance in Pakistan’s national politics, even as the PML-F’s electoral success has been limited outside of Sindh. The future of the Pir Pagara dynasty under Sibghatullah Shah III appears to be one of cautious political engagement. While the Pir Pagara family continues to command a significant following, the political landscape in Pakistan is increasingly competitive, with new parties and movements challenging the traditional power structures.

Pir Pagara VIII’s focus on education and social welfare has helped solidify the Hur Jamaat’s loyalty, but it remains to be seen whether this will translate into continued political influence in the long term. As the spiritual and political leader of the Hur community, Pir Pagara VIII faces the challenge of balancing the expectations of his followers with the demands of modern politics. While the Hur Jamaat remains a powerful force in Sindh, the political landscape in Pakistan is changing rapidly, and the Pir Pagara family must adapt to these changes if they are to maintain their influence.

The Socio-Political Influence of the Hur Jamaat

The Hur Jamaat has long been one of the most influential socio-political forces in Sindh. Its origins as a Sufi community, combined with its history of armed resistance during the British colonial era, have made the Hurs a unique blend of spiritual devotion and militarized organization. Under the leadership of successive Pir Pagaras, the Hur Jamaat has continued to play a significant role in the political and social life of Sindh. One of the key aspects of the Hur Jamaat’s influence is its ability to mobilize large numbers of followers in support of political causes. The Hurs are deeply loyal to the Pir Pagara, and their participation in elections often determines the outcome in rural constituencies.

This loyalty has given the Pir Pagara family a significant degree of political power, particularly in coalition governments where their support is crucial. The Hur Jamaat’s military contributions during Pakistan’s wars with India, particularly in 1965 and 1971, further cemented their importance to the Pakistani state. The Hur volunteers, who were familiar with the harsh desert terrain of the Thar region, provided essential support to the Pakistani military during these conflicts. This legacy of military involvement has helped maintain strong ties between the Hur Jamaat and the Pakistani military, further enhancing the Pir Pagara’s political influence. In addition to their military and political contributions, the Hurs have also played a crucial role in the socio-economic development of Sindh. Under the leadership of Pir Pagara VIII, the Hur Jamaat has focused on improving education and healthcare in rural areas, providing much-needed services to a population that has often been neglected by the central government.

These initiatives have not only improved the quality of life for the Hur community but have also helped strengthen the Pir Pagara family’s position as both spiritual and temporal leaders. Despite the challenges posed by Pakistan’s rapidly changing political landscape, the Hur Jamaat remains a powerful force in Sindh. Their loyalty to the Pir Pagara family ensures that the family’s influence will continue to be felt in both spiritual and political spheres for the foreseeable future.

Conclusion

The history of the Pir Pagara lineage and the Hur Jamaat is a profound narrative that intertwines spirituality, rebellion, and politics. From its origins in the 19th century as a Sufi order under Syed Sibghatullah Shah I, the Hur Jamaat evolved into a formidable socio-political and militarized force under Pir Sibghatullah Shah II (Surya Badshah). His leadership during the Hur Rebellion against British colonial rule transformed the Hur movement into one of the most notable examples of resistance in Sindh. Surya Badshah’s martyrdom in 1943 did not mark the end of the Hur movement but rather cemented its legacy as a symbol of defiance against colonial oppression. Following Pakistan’s independence in 1947, the Pir Pagara title, passed down to Pir Sibghatullah Shah III, continued to play a vital role in the politics of the newly formed state.

His leadership during Pakistan’s formative years, along with his close alliance with the military, solidified the Pir Pagara family’s influence in both Sindh and national politics. Pir Pagara VII (Shah Mardan Shah II), a pivotal figure in the family’s modern history, played an even more significant role, particularly during General Zia-ul-Haq’s military regime. His influence extended beyond the Hur Jamaat, reaching into the corridors of power in Islamabad through political alliances and his leadership of the Pakistan Muslim League (Functional). His ability to blend spiritual authority with political influence made him one of Pakistan’s most prominent and unique political leaders. Today, under the leadership of Pir Pagara VIII, the Hur Jamaat remains a powerful force in Sindh, continuing its tradition of loyalty and discipline.

While the political landscape in Pakistan has shifted, the Pir Pagara family has adapted to these changes, maintaining their relevance through alliances and a focus on social welfare initiatives that benefit their followers and the broader Sindhi community. In conclusion, the Pir Pagara dynasty’s influence remains deeply rooted in the spiritual and political life of Sindh. As the socio-political climate of Pakistan continues to evolve, the legacy of the Pir Pagara family—built on a foundation of resistance, spiritual leadership, and political savvy—endures as a symbol of resilience and adaptation in an ever-changing world.